We are very interested in your feedback!
Please don’t hesitate to get in touch for help with a question or if you wish to share an idea for improving Kanji alive. You can leave a comment for us using the form at the bottom of this page, email us at kanjialive@gmail.com or get in touch via Twitter @kanjialive.
If you already submitted a comment on a web form but never heard back from us please contact us again by email. It’s possible that your message was deleted by our anti-spam filter by mistake.
It works perfectly under Linux Mint 13 (Cinnamon desktop), in Google Chrome. Thank you!
Wow, excellent tool. I love the Mnemonic Hints. I’ve been waiting for an app that includes RTK-like hints. Tested in Chrome on OSX 10.8 . Sound examples I wasn’t sure if they were loading or not, as some of the longer ones take a little time to download. Otherwise it’s great. I love the layout!
Very useful, but it would be a lot more convenient if I could just search by the kanji themselves
I agree that search just by the kanji would be great. Because now it is quite complicated if you want to see particular kanji here.
Kanji alive is great! I love it. Thank you for creating it! Xx
Kanjialive is what I am searching for since I have started learning Japanese several years ago. I am really satisfied with this program. Thank you so much. But the point is I can’t click on search button at school, I can only use it at home. At school, I can open the program, but search button doesn’t work at all, nothing comes out from what I want to search for. Could you kindly assist me to find its solution? Thank you.
Hi Toukta, here are two suggestions to solve your problem. If these don’t work, please contact us again and we can look into it in more detail over email.
If you are using Internet Explorer 8 or 9 as your browser, try turning on its “compatibility mode”. This is explained here: http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/internet-explorer/use-compatibility-view#ie=ie-10 We’ve found that this often solves this problem.
If this doesn’t help, and you can install a different browser at home, try using Kanji alive with Google Chrome (https://www.google.com/intl/en/chrome/browser/) instead. Google Chrome comes with its own version of Flash which Kanji alive needs to work properly.
very useful i love it but i was wondering if this includes all the kanji that needs to be learned ?
Hi Yasmine, thank you for your question.
Kanji alive supports 1235 kanji. Please take a look at our Supported Textbooks page – perhaps your own textbook and the kanji in it are already supported by Kanji alive.
If you want to find out why we decided to support 1235 kanji, please read Section 3 in our Notes for Instructors page. There we explain our reasoning in detail.
More generally, we feel that once students have mastered a significant number of kanji, they have no need anymore for a tool such as ours and can instead use a general purpose Japanese/English dictionary to continue their studies.
I hope this answers your question!
thx for replying i guess that makes sense :)
Hi sorry for bothering again but while i was learning the kanji for “sky” i noticed that the uts like utsuro isn’t inlisted is it uncommon or what?
Dear Yasmine,
Thank you for your inquiry.
Some people use 空 for “utsuro” like 空ろ but the correct writing is 虚ろ. That is why “utsu” is not listed for 空.
If you have any more questions, please email us any time.
Best,
Harumi Lory
Thanks :D it was bothering me :)
Hi again :) while i was studying i came across bejing which was written with north and capital but the “he” or “pe” pronunciation wasn’t listed when i studied the kanji for north only “hoku” and “kita” why is that??
Hi Yasmine,
As a Japanese kanji, the Onyomi of 北 is “hoku” and the Kunyomi is “kita”.
But some Chinese place names are pronounced following the Chinese pronunciations. Since the pronunciation “pe” for 北 is an exception, it is not listed on Kanji alive.
If you would like to know more about the names of 北京, please go to <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Beijing>.
Hello,
I wonder if perhaps I’m missing something. Is there no pronunciation of the specific kanji, but only examples using the Kanji?
Thanks,
Andrea
Hi Andrea,
Each kanji has at least one pronunciation. It could be either Onyomi (Chinese reading) or Kunyomi (Japanese reading).
One exception is 々. This is not an actual kanji, but an ideographic iteration mark, indicating that the previous kanji should be repeated. So 々 itself doesn’t have any pronunciation. There are some example usages of 々 in the Example field.
I hope I answered your question. If you have any more questions, please feel free to ask us any time.
why no more search by kanji grade? That was so useful…now I don’t know where to start from to study 2nd grade kanji :(
Hi Raev,
Thank you for your feedback. All of the search options from the old Kanji alive are still available in the current version plus several more (since you can now also search in Japanese). Search by grade can be used via Kanji alive’s “Advanced Search” mode. Try e.g.
grade:3You can learn about Quick Search and Advanced Search in the User Guide (http://kanjialive.com/user-guide/) or, if you prefer, by watching the short demo videos on YouTube (http://youtube.com/kanjialive/). A quick reference guide to all features of Kanji alive and keyboard shortcuts is available inside the app by clicking on the “Info” icon.
I hope this answers your question. Please don’t hesitate to get in touch if we can help you further.
I forgot to add that you can now even combine a search by grade with another search (just separate the two with a space). For example, to find all grade 2 kanji in the Genki textbook:
grade:2 text:genki
An explanation of combined Advanced Searches is also covered in the User Guide.
I like the re design and all, but could you possibly please bring back the old web interface, it made it alot easier for learning through grade level, With this, i am very confused, it’s alot more complicated, Could you possibly put the old interface as a download?
Jarod
Hi Jarod,
Thank you for your feedback. While we can’t return to the old web interface, fortunately it’s very simple to search for kanji by grade. Let’s say you’re looking for all kanji in Grade 2. Enter this into the search field:
grade:2
Unlike, in the old interface where the results appeared in random order, the kanji are now shown initially sorted by their stroke number. Click repeatedly on the “Sort” icon in the navigation bar to view these results sorted in other ways as well.
Now you can now also combine a search by grade with a search by any other criteria. Say, for example, you wanted to know which kanji were both in Grade 2 and on the AP exam. Enter this in the search field:
grade:2 list:ap
The new interface does require a small investment of time to learn but we feel it will also reward this effort with much better features. I recommend watching the three demo videos on http://youtube.com/kanjialive or at minimum, looking over the Quick Reference in the app by clicking “Info” in the navigation bar at the top of the interface. And don’t hesitate to write to us again if you have more questions.
Simplifies the entire process of getting the Japanese language onto older computers.
Thank you for this app, I’m in love with it!
I’ve really enjoyed using KanjiAlive to help me study kanji for my Japanese class so far. The only complaint I have is about the animations in place of explanations for some of the characters. For instance, the animation for the progression of the character “青.” I’ve found that the animations can be hard to watch and difficult to understand. You can’t slow them down, zoom in, or rewind, so it’s hard to understand how a character came to look the way it does. I enjoy the explanations for other characters much better, the ones that break each character down into radicals. Please consider changing this in the future, and thank you for creating such a wonderful app for Japanese language study!
Hi Brianna, thank you for your comment. I apologize for not responding sooner. You’re quite right – the radical animation for 青 is indeed difficult to follow. We’re going to create a new one. If you find any more examples like this, don’t hesitate to let us know!
I really enjoyed the demos of this app but, i can not get it to work as shown on the videos. I just uploaded the most recent version of chrome…can you help?
Hi Scott, without more details I don’t know how to help. I’ll contact you by email.
Hello
I am just recently started learning Japanese and have really enjoyed using the app.
If I could make a suggestion, how about keeping the search box between kanji searches? It would make searching for kanji more efficient since I won’t have to go back and forth from the kanji page and the search screen. A Back and Forward could be helpful here as well so that I can cycle between previously searched kanji.
I know it’s a lot to ask but I’d really love such user-friendly features.
Keep up the good work!
We agree with you and had already made plans to add this feature to the next version of Kanji alive which should be ready in the autumn. Thank you very much for your feedback!
thank you so much for all your work on this fantastic website.
cheers,
janet
Definitely going to be using this to study :)
This is a really neat app. I love learning new kanji!
Great app with all the mnemonic hints! For practice reading compounds and analysing kanji, your users might also like the http://www.kanjigames.com site
Best,
Oliver
Thank you for making this great app! I have a request, though: Would it be possible to have all the radicals that make up a kanji be displayed? You’re including most in the hints, but for example 静 has the hint: “When young 青 children quarrel 争, father shouts “quiet!””
Both of the Kanji in the hint could be broken down into separate radicals again, and to have the information which these are would be a great learning help for me.
Dear Koi, thank you very much for your feedback.
Strictly speaking, a kanji has only one radical. The radical of 静 is 青. 争 is not a radical but a component. Due to the space available in the hints field, an explanation of 争 was omitted. When you look up 争 as a kanji on Kanji alive, you can read the hint for 争 (Open mouth ク hitting an opponent with words; hand with a stick 亅.）
It would be nice to explain every component of every kanji in more detail, but unfortunately Kanji alive can’t do everything. Nonetheless, I hope Kanji alive is still helpful to you for your study of kanji.
Hi,
Thank you for the fantastic app, the only place where I can learn the pictographic reason behind every kanji.
I have a suggestion. Can you please list Kanjis based on their JLPT occurences also ?
Thank you again
Hi Anu, thank you for your question and your kind words about Kanji alive. We decided not to offer sorting by JLPT levels since the exams changed in 2010 and the JLPT no longer publishes official lists of the kanji required for each level, focusing instead on the more general concept of “linguistic competence”. You can learn more about this on the JLPT website and in their answer to the question “Why is “Test Content Specifications” no longer available after the 2010 revision of the JLPT?” in their online FAQs.
Arno Bosse, this online tool’s so great, i’d like to have a pdf version of all characters no matter how much it is.
Hi Ezra, thank you for your feedback. As it happens, we are already working on making all of the data and media files in Kanji alive freely available under a Creative Commons license. If you follow us on Twitter (@kanjialive) or subscribe to the RSS feed for our website (http://kanjialive.com/feed) you’ll hear about it at soon as it’s available.
From google I was sure that I will be able to write kanji on this site in firefox by using mouse.
Was I tricked by myself?
Yes, indeed – with pen and paper. Call us old fashioned :^)
Love this site. Especially for the mnemonic hints.
Use it everyday (that I study). Heh.
Please fix the search box’s finickiness.
Hi, I just found your site because I need help with a part of akanji, I couldn’t find in the list of radicals, or kanji! It has 5 strokes, it is the right side of the kanji for “vinegar”. this is the second time I have seen it in Heisig’s list but I don’t have his book. Can you advise me?
Dear Joe, thank you for your email. I am happy to answer your question.
Are you looking for 乍? It is not a radical but a kanji.
Radical: 丿
Kun: なが（ら）
Note: Many online sites say its On reading is サ and Kun readings are なが（ら）and たちまち. However, in Japanese we don’t use 乍 as a word by itself to say “たちまち”. We use a kanji 忽ち (たちまち) instead. And we don’t read 乍 as サ.
If you have any more questions, please feel free to email us any time.
Kanji alive team
I’m surprised by the amount of useful information your website provides. It’s been quite difficult for me to study kanji, but with this tool I’ll be able to tackle kanji with ease. I was hoping you could show me, or you could include a query string that lists kanji characters not belonging to grades 1 to 6. This will be tremendously helpful for me. Thanks!
Dear Bentou,
Thank you for your kind words about Kanji alive and for your excellent question. You can’t, at present, perform this kind of search directly. That is, you can’t exclude certain categories of kanji from a search in this version of the app. But I’m happy to say that this functionality has been added to the new version of Kanji alive, which is currently under development. There, you’ll be able to find all kanji which aren’t in Grades 1-6 by entering the following search term “grade:na” where “na” stands for “not applicable”.
Since we’re not quite ready to share the beta version of the app with our users, I’ve run the search for you and copied the results (229 kanji) below. It’s at least a partial answer until the new app is ready.
了与々乏互介冗匹双巨占召込払甘伏企充叫芝汚汗忙肌缶舟伺伸即含吹坊床迎沈沢抜抑抗狂戻攻更辛依侮免刺到卓姓征彼邪況泊泥沸抵抱押怪怖昇肯肩杯欧祈突咲封荒逃郊挟狭怒柔枯珍皆冒香倒凍哲埋娘華途涙浮捜捕悟悩恋恥恐脂畜疲眠般軒辱隻乾偶偏婚菓涼渉掃掘描控掛猫患脱瓶盗符粒紹袋豚販軟頃鹿偉募喫堅塔奥帽幅幾弾御遅隅湾渡湿換敢普替腕焦畳硬筒絡越超鈍雇傾勧塗奨嫌寝違溶暇腰歳殿煙触詳詰誇跡較零飽靴僕滴憎概稲端緒踊髪寮影膚範緊舞誰趣輩鋭震駐壊薄避隣濃曇磨賢頼濯燥療齢礎穫贈離騒爆籍響驚
Arno Bosse
Kanji alive team
Greetings, Arno Bosse!
Thanks for replying to my comment. About listing the high school level kanjis, I was able to look them up by using grade:”n/a” using your existing Kanji Alive Web App! I’m not sure how you defined the “kanji grade” column data type, but it works! I sort of had a clue by looking at the Excel spreadsheet that you have generously provided to us users for free. Your website is at the top of my list of Japanese resources I’m using to study for N2 (which is a year from now). By the way, I got the same result in the exact same order that you have up there in your reply. Thank you, thank you so much.
Excellent. Sometimes even we forget what we can do with Kanji alive ;)
As a high school Japanese teacher, this site provides another way for my students to practice and revise Kanji in their own time. Another feature you could add (I know it will be time consuming) is to add the origin of each Kanji using pictures/drawing as many of my students are visual learners. But the site is still great!
Thank you very much for Kanji alive!
Kanji alive looks very useful. As a student, I would find it even more helpful if our class kanji lists were searchable in the database. As I know my sensei at the University of Hawaii are very busy, is it possible for me to supply the kanji lists grouped by lesson number, or should it be done by our sensei?
Also, is there a way to access the kanji list for Tsukuba Language Group’s Situational Functional Japanese textbook as used by the University of Vermont?
Thank you
Dear Steve, thank you for your comments. Generally speaking, we only accept customization requests from Japanese language instructors (although of course you could always prepare the list yourself and give it to your teacher for review). Please ask your teacher to contact us (kanjialive@gmail.com) for more details. Since your list will, in effect, be representing a part of the Japanese language programme at University of Hawaii, it’s important that it gets carefully reviewed by your teacher, and that any possible copyright issues are cleared-up as well ahead of time.
Regarding the kanji list for Tsukuba Language Group’s Situational Functional Japanese (SFJ) textbook, the kanji list were created some time ago by a teacher at the University of Vermont. After they stopped using SFJ, we dropped it from our search options. If you would like to add it to Kanji alive, please ask your teacher to contact us.
If you have any more questions, please feel free to email us any time.
Best,
Harumi Lory
Kanji alive team
nó một từ điển kanji rất tốt, hãy phát triển nó trên điện thoại thông minh (Android, IOS)
Cảm ơn bạn cho ý kiến của các bạn. Một ứng dụng di động Android đang được phát triển bởi một tình nguyện viên cũng như một ứng dụng đố iOS. Cả hai sử dụng các dữ liệu từ điển từ Kanji sống mà là tự do sẵn có từ https://github.com/kanjialive/data-media và https://rapidapi.com/KanjiAlive/api/learn-to-read-and-write-japanese-kanji Chúng tôi khuyến khích mọi người sử dụng các dịch vụ này để tạo ra các ứng dụng riêng của họ với các dữ liệu của chúng tôi [dịch với Google].
Overall, I love your kanji alive app, and can’t thank you enough for all the thought put into it. But glitches happen, and I’m pretty sure I found one. When I view the 2nd grade kanji yellow (黄), which is also a radical, and then view the radical animation, I get the animation for tree rather than for yellow. I can only guess that it arose because both have the kun reading “ki.”
Dear Robert, thank you for your kind comments and especially also for taking the time to point out what is indeed a glitch. We were aware that a handful of radicals which we had previously (in v1) not been able to distinguish as variants would now have the incorrect radical image and/or radical animations attached to them — but we thought we had addressed the issue. But clearly not. We hope to fix this in the next week or so.
These and related errors (wrong radical animation for a small set of radical variants) should now be fixed.
In general, your mnemonics work very well for me, but sometimes they don’t. The kanji 球 fell into this latter category. No problem with the radical, but “conquer” just wasn’t ‘t an image. Instead, a water droplet skimming across the surface of water (often observed when making filtered coffee) did it for me. The horizontal line is the water surface, and the portion of the vertical stroke above it is the the coffee (or water) pouring in forming the spherical droplet that skims across. And below the horizontal line, we have essentially the kanji for water. You can see this phenomenon also with tradition singing bowls. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qVZ7qgMcLs
Dear Robert,
Thank you for your comment and suggestion on the mnemonic hint of 球.
Please understand that it is hard for us to create mnemonic hints so that every user is satisfied with them. If your explanations help you remember kanji, all the better! Please use those explanations. The mnemonic hints are just one way to help learners learn kanji.
I hope Kanji alive will be helpful for your study of kanji from now on. If you have any more questions or suggestions, please feel free to email us any time.
Best,
Harumi Lory
Kanji alive team
Your wonderful tool doesn’t seem to contain the kanji 吾.
Hello I was just wondering if there were audio files for the just the radicals themselves? also thanks for this amazing resource.
Hi Ashley, no, we don’t. We only have audio files for example words drawn from the kanji we support — not for the common Japanese names used for the radicals.
I love how you guys have the images to help remembering the kanji :)
Thank you for the great tools that you guys created. Will you add support for intermediate kanji book volume 2 at some point?
I am puzzled by the statement that for every kanji character there is one and only one radical. I was taught, and it seems obvious, that most kanji characters are composed of several radicals.
I am in awe of the Kanjilive tool. It’s incredible.
The kanji for wall (壁) doesn’t appear when I search for it.
Dear Ana, Kanji alive is not a Japanese/English dictionary, so we don’t attempt to support all kanji. It’s designed as a kanji study/learning tool for beginning and intermediate level students. You can find a list of the 1235 kanji we support and a fuller explanation of how we selected these kanji here: https://kanjialive.com/2014/03/list-kanji-supported-kanji-alive/
Hi!
The meaning of the kanji 可 (grade 5) doesn’t appear. It is a blank space. The rest is ok ;)
Thank you very much for this tool!
Hi Ana Julia, you’re quite right! That is an oversight and we’ll get it fixed as soon as we can. Thank you for pointing it out to us. The meaning of 可 should be ” – able, approve”. That’s why the hint says, “Only one mouth 口 in the village 丁 is able to give final approval.”
The app works well, but uses sooooooooooooo much JavaScript. Way too much for my taste. Please, introduce a no-JS version or do some server-side rendering. That JS and those docents of requests each time are getting out of hand.
Hi Max, we’d love to have someone volunteer their time and expertise to improve Kanji alive. There are several other potential areas for improvement as well. The app’s CSS is also not optimised, and while the media files are ready, the app itself is not mobile friendly. Please email us at kanjialive@gmail.com if you’d like to contribute.
How about a box around the search field? It’s white and so is the background so it’s actually impossible to know it’s there! I spent ages clicking on the magnifying glass symbol in three different browsers, assuming that would open up a search option. (It didn’t, obviously.)
Hi Bruce, thank you for your note. We weren’t able to reproduce your problem with the magnifying glass symbol. Please send us a note at kanjialive@gmail.com with details on your browser and version, and operating system. The background of the search field is white but the search field itself is grey. I suspect you may have the brightness of your monitor turned up very high – that could account for the perception the search field and its background are equally coloured.
I noticed that there is no 致. Very useful website though, many thanks!
Hello Fernando, thank you for your kind remarks. We took a conscious decision to limit the number of kanji we support to 1235. You can read more about the reasoning behind this here and view a full list of our kanji here.
Dear sirs:
How do I find the quick search? I have not seen a window with the magnifying glass at all.
Thanks for a great site for Kanji!!
Hi Jim, ‘quick search’ is simply the search mode where you enter a single search term directly into the search window. There’s a description of it and the advanced search mode in our user guide (you can also get an overview of both by clicking on the ‘Info’ menu in the Kanji alive web application). The magnifying glass symbol we refer to should be visible on the right-hand side of the search box in the web application.
Where can I find more info about the API??
Hi Mario, here’s a link to a brief introduction to the API and here’s where you can test it and get a free private key for its use. If you’d like to make use of the media and language data files employed by Kanji alive offline, you’ll find these on our GitHub repo.
Kanji Alive is a very reliable, carefully prepared source for learning and teaching Japanese kanji. I appreciate your work and I am using this site during my classes on kanji for intermediate students at the University of Silesia, Poland. Thank you!
Dear Krzysztof, thank you for your kind comments!
The kanji “遣” is not in this website.
Hi Kurt, you can read more about how we selected the kanji supported by Kanji alive in this blogpost.
Is it because some kanji already show the same stroke order for other kanji?
Not for that reason precisely but you are right insofar as once you master reading and writing a certain number of kanji with the help of Kanji alive you’ll have internalised important, shared elements such as radicals and stroke order and won’t need the app anymore to progress further in your studies. See the page I linked earlier and in particular also this section of our User Guide.
Hi Kanji Alive,
With the new turn toward remote learning, I am exploring online ways of teaching kanji writing. I think Kanji Alive is a good resource, and I plan to send students to it, but would it be possible to include some handwriting? I am thinking of something like the Kanji Study app for Android (my gold standard now) and this site: https://www.icampusj.net/u/tracing.jsp
Thanks!
Hi Alex, thank you for your kind comments about Kanji alive. When you say ‘handwriting’ do you mean automatic handwriting recognition? If so, that’s not something we have planned for the future. If we can find the time and resources to update the app further (the app and website are maintained on a volunteer basis with hosting costs covered by the University of Chicago) it’s likely that we’ll focus first on making it more accessible on mobile devices (i.e. adapt the app layout to fit mobile screens) and on adding support for some more textbooks. Anything more ambitious than that is just not realistic. Thank you also for the reference to the Android Kanji study app. We weren’t aware that it makes use of our audio files. It’s good to see the open access language and media resources from Kanji alive being reused by others.
You need a way to input an unknown kanji via strokes. Even if the accuracy is limited to begin with it would be helpful. I was directed to this website because it had to do with kanji. However because the server had no kanji input, someone new and myself cannot find out what a shape presenting a kanji can be
Hi Jordan, thank you for your comment. Kanji alive is not intended to be used as a general purpose dictionary or look-up tool. It’s meant, instead, to be used by beginning and intermediate level students who are learning how to read and write kanji as part of a progressive/step-by-step lesson plan (usually, but not necessarily, defined in an introductory textbook, such as the Genki series). If you want to learn more about the reasons behind this decision, please see the overview in https://kanjialive.com/user-guide/#number (or for a more extended discussion, https://kanjialive.com/notes-for-instructors/).
Whenever I click on the “view sentences using…” link, the Luminous dictionary page displays the following message: “Forbidden. You don’t have permission to access this resource.”
I am pretty sure the Luminous sentences link used to work in the past but not anymore.
Unfortunately this feature has had to be removed until a solution can be found to people illegally scraping language data from the Kenkyusha dictionary website.
I studied Japanese through the University of Maryland Extensions at Camp Zama Army Base over fifty years ago. My favorite part was learning the written language. I was quite proud of the progress I made but was later transferred to Europe where my Japanese skills were quickly eroded. I am almost back to square one.
Now retired, I am anxious to return to studying and I’ve just discovered Kanji alive. Wow, what a resource! I don’t know who put it together or why it is provided free of charge, but thank you, thank you, thank you!!!
I do have one question right now, (I’m sure there will be many more eventually): How do I download the app? I can’t seem to find instructions for doing so.
Hello Ronald, thank you very much for your kind words about Kanji alive. We wish you all the best in your studies! Although we refer to the Kanji alive “app” or sometimes also “web app”, it really isn’t a downloadable app you can install on your PC, or a mobile app you can install on your phone or tablet. All you need to use Kanji alive is a computer and a web-browser. Just goto this address: https://app.kanjialive.com and the Kanji alive web app will appear. We strongly recommend doing this on either a laptop or a desktop computer – the screen of a mobile device will be too small. Please also take a look at our user guide https://kanjialive.com/user-guide/ which explains the functionality of our app in detail. And, of course, should you run into any issues, please don’t hesitate to write to us again.
“You don’t have permission to access /collab/KanjiAlive/index.php” on this server when accessing https://www.kenkyusha.co.jp/collab/KanjiAlive/index.php?book=lumi_waei&method=forward&field=家
Hi Stuart, unfortunately Kenkyusha was forced to take Kanji alive’s special access to their dictionary offline due to someone copying its content in bulk without permission. We hope that this situation is only temporary and that access can be restored to Kanji alive in the future. But at present, there is no workaround available.
Hello
Many audios for the examples links are not working recently, could you check if there is something wrong?
Hi Juan, thank you for drawing our attention to this. It should be fixed now.
Super stuff
Sorry to be picky
A typo on intro pdf Radical list Jewery should be jewellery
Thanks so much for catching this typo! We’ll fix it asap.